What reasoning is David using when he explains his test failure?

David's reasoning reflects a blame on external factors when he explains his test failure. This involves attributing the lack of success to circumstances outside of his control, such as a difficult test format, insufficient preparation time, or distractions in his environment. This type of reasoning often serves as a coping mechanism to protect one's self-esteem by shifting the focus away from personal shortcomings, thereby allowing individuals to avoid confronting their own role in the outcome.

In this context, blaming external factors could also include referencing poor teaching methods or unfair grading practices. This approach differs from the other options, which may highlight internal struggles, such as self-doubt about intelligence or a denial of effort, or an unwillingness to acknowledge responsibility for the outcome. This differentiation helps to understand how David perceives his failure and the broader implications regarding personal accountability and resilience in the face of challenges.