What is the term for an unfair bias against a person or group based on characteristics such as race or nationality?

The term that specifically refers to an unfair bias against a person or group based on characteristics such as race or nationality is "prejudice." Prejudice is characterized by preconceived opinions not based on reason or actual experience. It denotes an irrational and negative attitude toward individuals or groups, often rooted in stereotypes and societal norms.

Understanding prejudice also highlights its deep-rooted nature, as it can manifest in various forms, such as feelings of dislike or distrust towards people perceived as different. While other terms like discrimination and bias are related, they carry different connotations. Discrimination typically refers to actions and behaviors that treat people unfairly based on those biases, while bias itself is a more general term that can refer to any inclination for or against an idea, person, or group. Stereotyping involves oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group, but prejudice encapsulates emotional judgments, which can lead to discriminatory behavior.